Crime Against Children Online is Evolving and So is the Law

Author: Kanika

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way in which we interact with our community. People are now spending enormous amounts of time online. However, this transition has resulted in a worldwide surge in newer forms of internet crimes specifically targeting children. 

With the loss of job opportunities and ample amount of time at hand, perpetrators around the world are finding new opportunities to make money by victimising children in their own families, neighbourhood and on various online platforms¹. While numerous countries have taken cognizance of the increase in child sexual abuse material (CSAM) available on the internet, it is pertinent to understand how the Indian law is protecting children and youngsters from becoming the victims to child sexual abuse material.  

Even before the coronavirus outbreak, India was one of the forerunners in providing online content on child sexual abuse to the entire world². The pandemic has introduced newer ways to facilitate the filming and distribution of CSAM. 

Zoom-bombing

Zoom-bombing has been identified as the newest technique for distributing CSAM through video conferencing platforms. To perform this act, an unknown person enters a video conference, usually in meetings having open access and shares sexually explicit material featuring children and adults through the option of “screen-sharing”³. 

Under Indian law, sharing such content on an online platform is an offence punishable under the Indian Technology Act, 2000. Any person who publishes or transmits sexually explicit content showing children or adults may be punished with imprisonment for up to five years and a fine of ten lakh rupees⁴. A person will be punished under this provision, if they intentionally show or share any sexully explicitcontent with children while attending a video conference (for example an online class) or on any other online platform (for example social media or messaging platforms like Facebook). 

Cyber Grooming:  

Cyber grooming is a technique used by predators to befriend or form an emotional connection with children on messaging platforms, social media and online gaming platforms. This connection is then used to solicit sexual favours from children like asking for pictures or videos showing the child’s private parts, indulging in sexting (the sending or receiving of sexual words, pictures, or videos via technology, typically a mobile phone⁵) and luring the children into physically meeting the perpetrator. These images and videos can be used by the perpetrator for coercing the child into making huge payments, doing more sexually explicit or otherwise illegal acts (also known as sextortion) or can be distributed on the internet causing mental and emotional distress to the child⁶.  

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (“IT Act”) punishes anyone who entices a child into an online relationship for a sexually explicit act or facilitates the abuse of children, online. The Indian law also acknowledges the situation where a predator records and shares their own sexually explicit pictures to the child. This crime is punishable with jail time  up to five years and a fine of ten lakh rupees⁷.

If a perpetrator entices a child to move from one place to another without the permission of their lawful guardian, it is a crime of kidnapping. The punishment   is jail time  up to seven years, under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 if the child is below the age of 18 in case of a girl and below the age of 16, in case of a boy⁸.If anyone threatens the child to use any form of media showing any part of the body of the child or the involvement of the child in a sexual act, they will be punished for the crime of sexual harassment under the POCSO(Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012) law, with jail time for three years along with a fine⁹.  

Live Streaming: 

In the majority of child sexual abuse cases, the perpetrator is known to the child through family relations, cohabitation or regular interactions¹⁰. Therefore, when children are not able to move out of the house, they might get locked up with their abusers. This may result in the sexual victimisation of children at or near their homes, which is repeated when this abuse is recorded and shared with the public through online or offline platforms. The pandemic has bolstered the fast-growing field of live-streaming of child sexual exploitation, which is increasingly taking place from the victims’ homes or houses of their neighbours³. This live-streaming can be facilitated by online groomers or the perpetrators who are known to the child. 

It is a crime to film a child, for personal use or for distribution purposes, in any form of media, like television channels, the internet, another electronic or printed form. If it shows the sexual organs of the child, shows the child in an obscene light, or shows the engagement of a child in sexual acts (real or simulated) the punishment is jail time for up to 7 years along with fine¹¹. 

Any person who engages with the child in sexual acts for the purpose of filming will also be punished for the offence of sexual assault against the child¹².

Self Generated Content:

The distribution of indecent or sexually explicit content that was originally shared by a child with personal contact (via sex-ting or otherwise) is an offence under the IT Act. The punishment for this crime is jail time upto  five years and a fine of rupees ten lakhs¹³. 

Not only the creation or publication of CSAM but the browsing, downloading and possession of this content is also an offence under Indian law¹⁴. 

Report Child Sexual Abuse Material!

While the world is embracing technology with open arms, the efficacy of the laws is getting hampered by the underreporting of cases related to online child sexual abuse. Therefore, knowledge of laws and active reporting by citizens is imperative to curb the malady of CSAM. If you receive any forward on WhatsApp, or you record the zoom meeting in which the sexually explicit is shared or you come across such material on any online platform, delete it from your device and either report the content to the platform or inform the police about the incident. 

How to report CSAM?

Author: Kanika is a final year law student at the Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi.    

1. NTERPOL Report Highlights Impact of COVID-19 on Child Sexual Abuse, Accessed at https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2020/INTERPOL-report-highlights-impact-of-COVID-19-on-child-sexual-abuse.[↩]
2. 2019 & 2020 Reports by Country, National Center for Exploited and Missing Children, Accessed at https://www.missingkids.org/gethelpnow/cybertipline#bythenumbers.[↩]
3. COVID19 – Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse threats and trends, INTERPOL, Accessed at https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/15611/file/COVID19%20-%20Child%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20and%20Abuse%20threats%20and%20trends.pdf.[↩][↩]
4. Section 67A, Section 67B, The Information Technology Act, 2000.[↩]
5. Sexting | Definition, Prevalence, & Exploitation, Encyclopedia Britannica, Accessed at https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexting.[↩]
6. Stop Sextortion, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Accessed at  https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/stop-sextortion-youth-face-risk-online-090319.[↩]
7. Section 67B(e), The Information Technology Act, 2000.[↩]
8. Section 361, The Indian Penal Code, 1860.[↩]
9. Section 11(v), The Protection of Children from the Sexual Offences Act, 2012.[↩]
10. India Sexual Abuse: ‘Four Child Victims Every Hour, BBC News,  Accessed at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42193533.[↩]
11. Section 13, section 14(1), The Protection of Children from the Sexual Offences Act, 2012.[↩]
12. Section 13, section 14(2), The Protection of Children from the Sexual Offences Act, 2012.[↩]
13. Section 67B (a), The Information Technology Act, 2000.[↩]
14. Section 67B (b),The Information Technology Act, 2000, Section 15(1), The Protection of Children from the Sexual Offences Act, 2012.[↩]