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    Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act, 2005.   Click here to Read More   Why is this topic important? 1 out of 3 women in India is a victim of domestic violence. However, many of them are unaware that they are being subjected to violence. We hope that the module can helpRead more

The Supreme Court and High Courts along with the National Green Tribunal have made an immense contribution in the regulation of water pollution. The National Green Tribunal has legal authority over all civil cases raising a substantial question relating to the environment, including enforcement of any legal right relating to the environment. While the HighRead more

Central Pollution Control Board The Central Pollution Control Board has been constituted to prevent and control water pollution as well as maintain the wholesomeness of water.1 It has the power to direct the State Pollution Control Boards2. The Board, by law, can order the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process orRead more

Police You can file an FIR (First Information Report) at the nearest police station under Section 277 of the Indian Penal Code against a person or industry that is intentionally contaminating and corrupting the water of a public spring or reservoir.1 The person who is polluting the water can be punished with jail time and/orRead more

The main authorities for the purposes of regulating water pollution are:   i.                 The Central Pollution Control Board: It was constituted under law to prevent, control and abate water pollution1. It is responsible for organising programmes at the ground level and provides technical services to the Ministry ofRead more

Crime LawPunishment Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposing polluting matterIntentionally polluting or allowing the entry of poisonous, harmful, contaminating material into any stream, sewer or land1 Or Allowing the introduction of any matter that might obstruct the flow of the water or stream, which can make pollution worse as a cause or of its consequences2 isRead more

The Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards fix industry specific standards on water pollution. An industry or business establishment has to take prior permission of the Pollution Control Board of their State to set up any plant or begin operations that can discharge sewage or trade effluent into a stream, well,Read more

The right to healthy environment1 for all persons is a part of the Right to Life guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution of India. This includes the right to pollution free water23.  People have a right to seek remedy for anything which endangers or impairs the quality of life under Article 21 i.e., interferesRead more

Water pollution is the contamination of water, i.e. changing of the physical, chemical or biological properties of water or the emission of sewage or industrial discharge. It includes the introduction of any solid, liquid or gaseous pollutant into water (either directly or indirectly) which would make water toxic and injurious to the health of theRead more

When an offence is committed by a government department, the head or heads of that department will be held responsible for that particular offence and legal proceedings can be initiated against them.  In addition to this, if it is proven that the offence was committed with the consent, involvement, or neglect of any officer ofRead more

When an offence is committed by a government department, the head or heads of that department will be held responsible for that particular offence and legal proceedings can be initiated against them.  In addition to this, if it is proven that the offence was committed with the consent, involvement, or neglect of any officer ofRead more

Air pollution is associated with many sectors, which include power, transport, industry, residential, construction, and agriculture. Sources of Air Pollution Burning of fossil fuels and emissions The majority of air pollution comes from use of energy like the burning of fossil fuels which releases toxic gases and chemicals into the air.1 The two most commonRead more

Police Anyone can file a complaint at the nearest police station and can even register an FIR (First Information Report) for public nuisance1 against the establishment, industry or person responsible for air pollution.  Central and State Pollution Control Boards The Central Pollution Control Board is a body constituted under the law to prevent and controlRead more

CrimeLawPunishmentCausing air pollution beyond air quality limitsThe law bans industries from releasing any air pollutants more than the limits the State Pollution Control Board has laid down.1 Act, 1981.)) If they do, the person in-charge of the establishment has to immediately notify the State Pollution Control Board2 Act, 1981.)) and they have to pay forRead more

The Central Pollution Control Board established the National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) to track air quality across 29 states and 6 union territories. The aim of NAMP is to:1 Determine the status and trends of ambient air quality.Determine whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are being violated.Identify cities that do not meet theRead more

The Central Pollution Control Board1 Act, 1981.)) and the State Pollution Control Boards2 Act, 1981.)) have been set up under the law to monitor air pollution in India. They have the following powers and functions: Advise the Central and State governments on all matters relating to the prevention, control and reduction of air pollution.  Planning andRead more

Air pollution is the presence of dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke or vapour, in the atmosphere, in quantities that can cause injury to human, plant or animal life or harm the environment.1 Air pollution is caused by air pollutants like:2 Solid Air Pollutant. For example, burning of solid fuels such as firewood, crop residue,Read more

Ownership rights on land can be acquired by succession, survivorship, inheritance, partition and purchase. Disputes can arise out of objections about validity of rights of owner/seller or eligibility of purchaser and breach of government rules and regulations to hold the land. The manner in which these disputes are dealt with, is very specific to theRead more

Easements or right of way is an owner’s or occupier’s right over other land, not his own, which allows them to enjoy their own property1. It includes the right to pass over the land of another person uninterruptedly to enjoy one’s own land. If there is obstruction of this right, you can sue for anRead more

If someone encroaches or trespasses on your property or a construction extends beyond the boundary line, there are three ways to resolve it. Trespass: If someone enters your property:,  with the intention to commit an offence or to intimidate, insult or annoy you, or enters lawfully but remains there unlawfully, it can amount to criminal trespassRead more

If there is a dispute between owners who have land next to each other about the measurements of their plots, they can resolve it by getting assistance from the government surveyor to conduct a joint survey. The ownership documents and the information in the revenue records have to be looked into while settling such aRead more

Partition disputes refer to disputes around dividing the property of a Hindu Undivided Family as per the Hindu law of inheritance, i.e., Hindu Succession Act 1956.  There are two ways to resolve disputes about property partition: a family settlement agreement and a partition suit. Family Settlement Agreement A family settlement is a an agreement amongRead more

A will is a written document a person makes to describe how their assets and wealth are to be distributed among their descendants. The making and execution of wills is governed by the Indian Succession Act of 1925, which applies to allreligions except Islam. Drafting a last will and testament ensures that your property isRead more

When it comes to immovable property, inheritance refers to the transfer of a property’s ownership after the death of an individual. The ideal way to ensure smooth transfer of property ownership following someone’s death is through a will1.  However, if there is no will, i.e., an intestacy, law of inheritance applies to decide distribution ofRead more

The location of your property is one of the main considerations in deciding which court you should approach to file a suit about immovable property1. The court must have jurisdiction over the place where the disputed property is situated. If a property is located across jurisdictional boundaries of more than one court, the suit canRead more

Since land is considered to be one of the most important assets, the range of land-related disputes is huge. However, in this explainer, we will focus on the more common types of disputes, which include: Right of Inheritance DisputesPartition DisputesLand Measurement DisputesLand Encroachment and Boundary DisputesRight of Way DisputesLand Ownership DisputesRead more

In this explainer, we refer to various laws that govern the different types of property disputes. This includes the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, the Hindu Succession Act 1956, the Indian Succession Act 1925, Islamic personal laws, Indian Penal Code 1860, Indian Easements Act 1882, and the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in LandRead more

When the mortgage borrower is unable or unwilling to pay their equated monthly instalments (EMIs) under the terms of the loan three times consecutively, the lender has a right to acquire that property and either sell or lease it out1. Such foreclosed properties are auctioned off by the lenders and a ‘reserve price’ is setRead more

Yes. You can get a loan from the bank to purchase an immovable property by using the same property as the collateral/security. This practice is widespread when people buy residential properties in India. Home loans are generally approved on the basis that the prospective home is the collateral. Such loans fall under the definition ofRead more

Land and housing are valuable assets, and as an owner, you can choose to seek a bank loan by using the property as a collateral. A ‘collateral’ is a valuable asset that a borrower offers as an assurance against which they can secure a loan. If you are unable to repay the money, you mayRead more

Property insurance, in general, is of various kinds, depending on the property in question and the specifics of the insurance policy. Since it is a very vast category of General Insurance, the type of cover that you need depends upon the type of property you are seeking to cover. You should get a home insuranceRead more

You can approach the court to raise disputes over land and property for various reasons including claim on ownership, contestation over land acquisition, disagreement / disputes over real estate transactions, conflict over property inheritance, and misuse of rented property among others. There are different laws and procedures which explain how an individual can seek redressalRead more

A gift is a transfer of  movable or immovable property without consideration, i.e., without money. When a transfer of immovable property happens without any payment made while receiving such property, it is considered to be a gift. In such cases, the parties who give and receive property are known as Donor and Donee.  For aRead more

Property or land registration in India involves1:   paying stamp duty and the registration fee for sale deed, andhaving the documents legally recorded with the sub-registrar of the area where the property is located. At the time of registration, the authorised signatories of the seller and the purchaser have to be present along with two witnesses. StampRead more

The purpose of registering transfer of immovable property is to record the signing of the document. The ownership and transfer become legal only after registration, i.e. the ownership of the property is rightfully transferred only upon registration before the sub-registrar. Another significant benefit of paying registration fees and stamp duty is that the same areRead more